Từ vựng & Ideas Topic "SELF-DRIVING VEHICLES/DRIVELESS CARS" tiếng anh

Bên cạnh hướng dẫn kĩ càng sửa bài và phân tích đề thi ngày 22/8/2020 và bài thi của bạn HS IELTS TUTOR đi thi đạt 7.0 writing, hôm nay IELTS TUTOR hướng dẫn và tổng hợp thêm Từ vựng Topic "SELF-DRIVING VEHICLES/DRIVELESS CARS" tiếng anh

IELTS TUTOR lưu ý:

1. Advantages

• More convenient 🡪 autonomous (ideal for disabled people)
• Environment 

2. Disadvantages

• Software error + bugs 🡪 more dangerous
• Unemployment 🡪 drivers (bus drivers, truck drivers) 🡪 unemployment rate

IELTS TUTOR lưu ý:

• Self-driving car = autonomous car  = driverless car = robotic automobiles = self-driving capabilities = driverless cars: ô tô tự lái 
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: It will be the first global championship for driverless cars.  >> IELTS  TUTOR  hướng  dẫn   Ideas & Từ vựng topic "TOÀN CẦU HOÁ - GLOBALIZATION" IE..
• viable (adj): khả thi

  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: It is predicted by many tech experts that autonomous cars would be viable in a not-too-distant future.

• autonomous technology: công nghệ tự động
• enormous publicity: sự thu hút lớn trong công chúng  >> IELTS  TUTOR  hướng  dẫn  Cách dùng danh từ "number" tiếng anh
• self-driving: tự lái
• rule the roadways: thành thạo các con đường
• surmounted: vượt qua
• curbing: kiềm chế
• hurdles: rào cản
• deprive sb of: tước đoạt ai đó cái gì  >> IELTS  TUTOR  hướng  dẫn  Cách dùng động từ"deprive"tiếng anh
• obsolete: lỗi thời
• not-too-distant future: tương lai không xa
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: It is predicted by many tech experts that autonomous cars would be viable in a not-too-distant future.
• tremendous (adj): to lớn / tốt đẹp
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: The advent of unmanned automobiles can be attributed to a whole host of factors, and this development would confer tremendous benefits on both individual and societal levels.
• manifold (adj): nhiều
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: The reasons why self-driving cars will soon become a reality are manifold. 
• relentless (adj): không ngừng
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: One of the key rationales is that given mankind’s relentless pursuit of convenience, the introduction of this form of transport seems like a natural progress.   >> IELTS  TUTOR  hướng  dẫn  TOP 24 Từ Điển nên dùng IELTS 
• sensor (n): cảm biến
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: This desire is empowered by momentous technological breakthroughs in the fields of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and sensors in recent years. 
• pioneere (v): tiên phong
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: In fact, Tesla, a powerhouse in the automotive industry that pioneered the autopilot feature in vehicles, has successfully manufactured automated electric cars with very little human involvement.
• reckless (adj): liều lĩnh
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: Therefore, letting computers control the vehicle, which helps eliminate reckless behaviors such as driving under the influence of alcohol or speeding, would save thousands of lives every year.
• eliminate (v) loại bỏ
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: Therefore, letting computers control the vehicle, which helps eliminate reckless behaviors such as driving under the influence of alcohol or speeding, would save thousands of lives every year.
• autonomy (n) quyền tự chủ
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:  Increased road safety aside, those who are challenged by existing mobility models, like older or disabled travellers, may be able to enjoy significantly higher travel autonomy owing to cars with self-driving capabilities. 
• inevitable (adj): không thể tránh khỏi / tất yếu
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:  humans’ desire to achieve greater convenience and cutting-edge technologies are the main driving factors behind the inevitable emergence of driverless cars, which can be considered as a positive trend.   >> IELTS  TUTOR  hướng  dẫn  Cách dùng tính từ"Inevitable"tiếng anh
• emergence (n) sự xuất hiện
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:  humans’ desire to achieve greater convenience and cutting-edge technologies are the main driving factors behind the inevitable emergence of driverless cars, which can be considered as a positive trend. 
• popularize (v) phổ biến hóa
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: This is because robotic automobiles, once popularized and optimized, would greatly contribute to making roads more secure and allowing more disadvantaged people to enjoy greater mobility.
• optimize (v) tối ưu hóa
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: This is because robotic automobiles, once popularized and optimized, would greatly contribute to making roads more secure and allowing more disadvantaged people to enjoy greater mobility.
• mobility (n) sự di chuyển
• A fleet of self-driving cars: Đội xe ô tô tự lái 
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: Google's test involved a fleet of self-driving cars -- including Toyota Prii and an Audi TT. 
• Self-driving (a) /ˌselfˈdraɪ.vɪŋ/: used to refer to a vehicle that drives itself: tự lái xe 
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:  A self-driving car must be able not only to follow lanes on a road, but also to react other traffic. 
• Self-driving features: tính năng tự lái Example: Many of the cars available to consumers today have a lower level of autonomy but still have some self-driving features. 
• Driverless (a) /ˈdraɪ.və.ləs/: (of a vehicle) not having a person as a driver: không người lái 
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:  
    • It is my belief that humanity could reap substantial benefits from driverless cars. Plenty of evidence suggests that the vast majority of road collisions involve human error as a contributory factor.
    • Driverless cars could possibly help ease traffic congestion, lower pollution, and prevent accidents. 
• Driverless technology: Công nghệ không người lái 
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: But now driverless tractor technologies have moved toward autonomy, or independent functioning.   >> IELTS  TUTOR  hướng  dẫn  Từ Vựng IELTS Topic TECHNOLOGY
• Autopilot (n) /ˈɔː.təʊˌpaɪ.lət/: a device that keeps aircraft, spacecraft, and ships moving in a particular direction without human involvement: lái tự động 
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: The plane was on autopilot when it crashed. 
• Autonomous (a) /ɔːˈtɒn.ə.məs/: an autonomous machine or system is able to operate without being controlled directly by humans: tự động 
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: an autonomous vehicle 
• Entirely autonomous: hoàn toàn tự động 
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: Google's Waymo project is an example of a self-driving car that is almost entirely autonomous. 
• Automated (a) /ˈɔː.tə.meɪ.tɪd/: carried out by machines or computers without needing human control: hoàn toàn tự động 
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:  a fully automated system 
• Automation (n) /ˌɔː.təˈmeɪ.ʃən/: the use of machines and computers that can operate without needing human control: sự tự động 
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:  Automation and robotics have decreased the need for a large, highly skilled work force. 
• Autonomy (n) /ɔːˈtɒn.ə.mi/: sự tự động 
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:  It has a high level of autonomy. 
• Sensor (n) /ˈsen.sər/: a device that is used to record that something is present or that there are changes in something: cảm biến 
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:  The security device has a heat sensor which detects the presence of people and animals. 
• Human intervention: Sự can thiệp của con người 
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: To qualify as fully autonomous, a vehicle must be able to navigate without human intervention. 
• A predetermined destination: Một điểm đến được xác định trước 
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:  A self driving car or autonomous vehicle is a vehicle system that can travel to predetermined destinations.   >> IELTS  TUTOR  hướng  dẫn  Cách dùng từ "torture" tiếng anh
• A predefined map: Một bản đồ được xác định trước 
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:  The vehicle turning can be achieved by adopting a predefined map. 
• Image recognition: Nhận dạng hình ảnh 
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:  Developers of self-driving cars use vast amounts of data from image recognition systems. 
• Drive autonomously: lái xe tự động 
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:  They are building systems that can drive autonomously. 
• Radar systems: Hệ thống rađa 
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: Radar systems in the front and rear bumpers calculate distances to obstacles. 
• A human driver:  người lái xe 
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:  It still requires a human driver to be present but only to override the system when necessary.

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

Driverless cars

A

The automotive sector is well used to adapting to automation in manufacturing. The implementation of robotic car manufacture from the 1970s onwards led to significant cost savings and improvements in the reliability and flexibility of vehicle mass production. A new challenge to vehicle production is now on the horizon and, again, it comes from automation. However, this time it is not to do with the manufacturing process, but with the vehicles themselves.

Research projects on vehicle automation are not new. Vehicles with limited self-driving capabilities have been around for more than 50 years, resulting in significant contributions towards driver assistance systems. But since Google announced in 2010 that it had been trialling self-driving cars on the streets of California, progress in this field has quickly gathered pace.

B

There are many reasons why technology is advancing so fast. One frequently cited motive is safety; indeed, research at the UK’s Transport Research Laboratory has demonstrated that more than 90 percent of road collisions involve human error as a contributory factor, and it is the primary cause in the vast majority. Automation may help to reduce the incidence of this.

Another aim is to free the time people spend driving for other purposes. If the vehicle can do some or all of the driving, it may be possible to be productive, to socialise or simply to relax while automation systems have responsibility for safe control of the vehicle. If the vehicle can do the driving, those who are challenged by existing mobility models – such as older or disabled travellers – may be able to enjoy significantly greater travel autonomy.

C

Beyond these direct benefits, we can consider the wider implications for transport and society, and how manufacturing processes might need to respond as a result. At present, the average car spends more than 90 percent of its life parked. Automation means that initiatives for car-sharing become much more viable, particularly in urban areas with significant travel demand. If a significant proportion of the population choose to use shared automated vehicles, mobility demand can be met by far fewer vehicles.

D

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology investigated automated mobility in Singapore, finding that fewer than 30 percent of the vehicles currently used would be required if fully automated car sharing could be implemented. If this is the case, it might mean that we need to manufacture far fewer vehicles to meet demand. However, the number of trips being taken would probably increase, partly because empty vehicles would have to be moved from one customer to the next.

Modelling work by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute suggests automated vehicles might reduce vehicle ownership by 43 percent, but that vehicles’ average annual mileage double as a result. As a consequence, each vehicle would be used more intensively, and might need replacing sooner. This faster rate of turnover may mean that vehicle production will not necessarily decrease

E

Automation may prompt other changes in vehicle manufacture. If we move to a model where consumers are tending not to own a single vehicle but to purchase access to a range of vehicle through a mobility provider, drivers will have the freedom to select one that best suits their needs for a particular journey, rather than making a compromise across all their requirements.

Since, for most of the time, most of the seats in most cars are unoccupied, this may boost production of a smaller, more efficient range of vehicles that suit the needs of individuals. Specialised vehicles may then be available for exceptional journeys, such as going on a family camping trip or helping a son or daughter move to university.

F

There are a number of hurdles to overcome in delivering automated vehicles to our roads. These include the technical difficulties in ensuring that the vehicle works reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather and road situations it might encounter; the regulatory challenges in understanding how liability and enforcement might change when drivers are no longer essential for vehicle operation; and the societal changes that may be required for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as being a valuable part of the mobility landscape.

G

It’s clear that there are many challenges that need to be addressed but, through robust and targeted research, these can most probably be conquered within the next 10 years. Mobility will change in such potentially significant ways and in association with so many other technological developments, such as telepresence and virtual reality, that it is hard to make concrete predictions about the future. However, one thing is certain: change is coming, and the need to be flexible in response to this will be vital for those involved in manufacturing the vehicles that will deliver future mobility.

Questions 14-18

Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Which section contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

14 reference to the amount of time when a car is not in use

15 mention of several advantages of driverless vehicles for individual road-users

16 reference to the opportunity of choosing the most appropriate vehicle for each trip

17 an estimate of how long it will take to overcome a number of problems

18 a suggestion that the use of driverless cars may have no effect on the number of vehicles manufactured

Questions 19-22

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.

The impact of driverless cars

Figures from the Transport Research Laboratory indicate that most motor accidents are partly due to 19……………………., so the introduction of driverless vehicles will result in greater safety. In addition to the direct benefits of automation, it may bring other advantages. For example, schemes for 20………………………. will be more workable, especially in towns and cities, resulting in fewer cars on the road.

According to the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, there could be a 43 percent drop in 21…………………….. of cars. However, this would mean that the yearly 22…………………….. of each car would, on average, be twice as high as it currently is. this would lead to a higher turnover of vehicles, and therefore no reduction in automotive manufacturing.

Questions 23 and 24

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Write the correct letters in boxes 23 and 24 on your answer sheet.

Which TWO benefits of automated vehicles does the writer mention?

A Car travellers could enjoy considerable cost savings.

B It would be easier to find parking spaces in urban areas.

C Travellers could spend journeys doing something other than driving.

D People who find driving physically difficult could travel independently.

E A reduction in the number of cars would mean a reduction in pollution.

Questions 25 and 26

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Write the correct letters in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet.

Which TWO challenges to automated vehicle development does the writer mention?

A making sure the general public has confidence in automated vehicles

B managing the pace of transition from conventional to automated vehicles

C deciding how to compensate professional drivers who become redundant

D setting up the infrastructure to make roads suitable for automated vehicles

E getting automated vehicles to adapt to various different driving conditions

Answer

14. C

15. B

16. E

17. G

18. D

19. human error

20. car (-) sharing

21. ownership

22. mileage

23. C

24. D

25. A

26. E

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